Principles
of exercise/sports training
Coach Marty
Gaal,
CSCS
There are a few key principles that a
good training program considers in the overall
design of an athlete's training regimen.
Individuality
Everyone is different and responds
differently to training. Some people are able to
handle higher volumes of training while others may
respond better to higher intensities. This is
based on a combination of factors like genetic
ability, predominance of muscle fiber types, other
factors in your life, chronological or athletic
age, & mental state.
Specificity
Improving your ability in a sport is
very specific. If you want to be a great pitcher,
running laps will help your overall conditioning
but won't develop your skills at throwing or the
power & muscular endurance required to throw a
fastball fifty times in a game. Swimming will help
improve your aerobic endurance but won't develop
tissue resiliency and muscular endurance for your
running legs.
Progression
To reach the roof of your ability, you
have to climb the first flight of stairs before
you can exit the 20th floor and stare out over the
landscape. You can view this from both a technical
skills standpoint as well as from an
effort/distance standpoint. In order to swim the
500 freestyle, you need to be able to maintain
your body position and breathing pattern well
enough to complete the distance. In order to swim
the 500 freestyle, you also need to build your
muscular endurance well enough to repeat the
necessary motions enough times to finish.
Overload
To increase strength and endurance, you
need to add new resistance or time/intensity to
your efforts. This principle works in concert with
progression. To run a ten kilometer race, athletes
need to build up distance over repeated sessions
in a reasonable manner in order to improve muscle
adaptation as well as improve soft tissue
strength/resiliency. Any demanding exercise
attempted too soon risks injury. The same
principle holds true for strength and power
exercises.
Adaptation
Over time the body becomes accustomed
to exercising at a given level. This adaptation
results in improved efficiency, less effort and
less muscle breakdown at that level. That is why
the first time you ran two miles you were sore
after, but now it's just a warm up for your main
workout. This is why you need to change the
stimulus via higher intensity or longer duration
in order to continue improvements. The same holds
true for adapting to lesser amounts of
exercise.
Recovery
The body cannot repair itself without
rest and time to recover. Both short periods like
hours between multiple sessions in a day and
longer periods like days or weeks to recover from
a long season are necessary to ensure your body
does not suffer from exhaustion or overuse
injuries. Motivated athletes often neglect this.
At the basic level, the more you train the more
sleep your body needs, despite the adaptations you
have made to said training.
Reversibility
If you discontinue application of a
particular exercise like running five miles or
bench pressing 150 pounds 10 times, you will lose
the ability to successfully complete that
exercise. Your muscles will atrophy and the
cellular adaptations like increased
capillarization and mitochondrial density will
reverse. You can slow this rate of loss
substantially by conducting a maintenance /
reduced program of training during periods where
life gets in the way, and is why just about all
sports coaches ask their athletes to stay active
on vacation and in the off season.
The principles of specificity,
progression, overload, adaptation, and
reversibility are why practicing frequently &
consistently are so important if you want to
improve your performance. Missed sessions cannot
really be made up within the context of a single
season. They are lost opportunities for
improvement. Skipping your long ride on weekend A
means you can't or shouldn't go as far as
originally planned on weekend B (progression &
overload). Skipping your Monday swim means your
swimming skills & muscles won't be honed or
stressed that day (specificity).
Missing a week due to a vacation sets you back
more than one week (adaptation &
reversibility).
But hey, don't shoot the messenger!
:)
Marty
Gaal is co-owner and head coach of One Step
Beyond. Coach Marty has been a
competitive triathlete for twenty+ years and
coaching since 2002. You can
learn more about coaching services and
camps/clinics with One Step Beyond at www.osbmultisport.com.
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